“It’s not the years, it’s the hours”
This, paraphrased from Emin Boztepe, seems to reflect a lot of what r5a is saying that the not everyone spends one year the same way. And of course, with OldJong’s comment on the quality of your teachers and classmates.
For me, I was training 2-4 hours a days every day for 3 years with my Sifu in Taiwan. Of course, there were days when I was sick or injured, or on vacation, but those were quite minimal. Even on vacation I would practice the forms. Maybe 80% of the class was chi-sao; the other 20% was forms and applications. My Sifu teaches roughly one form a year to regular students, one form every half year to private students; the progression generally depends on execution of movements and ideas from the forms in chi-sao. However, he doesn’t exactly spell things out for you.
Now I lead a group of people in training in the US, which I have done for 4 years now; for the first year, I was also learning a different approach to Wing Chun, as well as continuing with my Sifu’s lineage under his son. Currently, I train an average of 3 hours a day, though I usually take days off on the weekend (married life tends to do that). I found that teaching has really helped me improve my understanding of Wing Chun, though I certainly don’t understand it completely; I’m always discovering interesting little things in the forms and applications-- whether that is by visiting other schools, or reading articles, or seeing people’s experiences on forums, or, on the rare occasion, figuring something out myself.
I think part of the teaching process is taking motions that your body understands and trying to articulate that with words so that someone else can understand it. How I view Wing Chun as a unified system has really come into being over these last years AWAY from my Sifu, when he wasn’t around to answer my questions.
How long it takes you to understand the basics (i.e., principles and their interpretation to create a functional whole) probably depends on your instructor, the quality of your classmates, your own retrospection and insight. I think that if you are smart, put in time, think about things, and have a decent instructor, you could probably get the basics down in a year.