Ok, I can give you a few suggestions now. I am going to be thorough – I’ll try my best to explain the basis for what I suggest. Yes, it is going to be long.
Now, from your goals it definitely sounds like you are after speed strength (aka power). Strength can be defined in many ways, some of which are probably intuitive to you already. It’s not really necessary to define them all right now, but it will make for good reading later on. What is important is that one way to increase speed strength is through development of max strength, i.e. the maximal amount of force your muscles can generate.
So, we’ll look at weight training protocols that promote maximal strength gains:
- Performing compound movements – i.e. involving multiple joints / muscle groups
- Intensity at ~ 85% 1 rep max for lifts
As a beginner you should ramp up to this percentage. That will give you time to practice your form and keep you from burning out too quickly.
- Corollary to (2): Higher intensity lends itself to low rep ranges (5 or fewer). Also, I’m against taking any set to failure under these circumstances. Failure usually means bad form, which can lead to injuries. Also, it makes recovery take longer.
- Long rest periods between sets – 3 minutes or more.
- Progressive overload – this should be fairly obvious. But I will add that a linear pattern (e.g. constantly adding X weight every Y weeks) is not necessarily the best way to go about this.
- Using free weights when possible
The physiology behind it is outside of the scope of this discussion, but I’ll provide some links at the end.
Now, let’s make a skeleton for a training program. I’ll take some of the exercises you named (which I assume you used because you are familiar with them), and apply some of those principles.
Of the upper body exercises, I strongly recommend both a compound press and a pull. For the press you could either choose the shoulder press or the chest press, or both, depending on how you schedule your workouts.
Can you do pull-ups? If you can do can do 10 pullups, and you have access to a bar and belt, you don’t need to do lat pulldowns.. For a secondary pulling movement you can do curls.
I consider the squat to be a fundamental movement, provided that it doesn’t aggravate any existing injuries. If proper form is used, and enough flexibility is built up in the joints, it is one of the most productive lifts you can do.
Other lifts to consider are: deadlift, shrug bar deadlift, lunges, etc.
Check out Chip Conrad’s articles on Dolfzine for an introduction to the squat and deadlift form.
I don’t like doing sit-ups, but if you do, what you have written is fine, as long as you have enough resistance to challenge yourself.
Finally, I’d add calf raises because for me, squats don’t really do much for the calves.
Depending on your fitness level, you may want to spend the first couple of months using lighter resistance such as bodyweight exercises. It’s my understanding that this allows the tendons and joints to adapt to stress, which will prepare them for the strain of heavier lifting.
You could do these workouts two or three times per week, depending on the number of exercises. Keep the reps from 3-6 as mentioned above, and lift in a controlled fashion. Three sets probably a good number to start with. If you start with something light, such as your 12RM and add 5 lbs each workout. When your form begins to suffer, take a few days off and start back at the bottom, say 5 lbs above your 12RM this time.
eg)
day 1: 75 lbs
day 2: 80 lbs
…
day 7: 110 lbs
start over at day 8: 80 lbs
This is a wave pattern kind of like Power to the People, with more lifts and less frequency. It should get you strong and provide a good introduction to productive lifts.
Further reading:
http://www.myodynamics.com/articles/principles.html